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The Mac OS is a graphical operating system developed by Apple Inc. The tenth version of the Mac OS is the Mac OS X which was launched in 2001.
The structure of the Mac OS X includes multiple layers. The base layer is Darwin which is the Unix core of the system. Next layer is the graphics system which contains Quartz, OpenGL and QuickTime. Then is the application layer which has four components, namely Classic, Carbon, Cocoa and Java. The top layer is Aqua, which is the user interface.
A diagram that demonstrates the structure of Mac OS X is as follows −
Components of the Mac OS X Structure
Details about the different components of the Mac OS X structure as seen in the image above are as follows −
Core OS
Mac Os Mojave
The Darwin Core is based on the BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) version of Unix. Mach is the main part of the Darwin core and it performs operations such as memory use, data flow from and to CPU etc. Darwin is also open source i.e. anyone can obtain its source code and make modifications to it. Different versions of Darwin can be used to enhance the Mac OS X.
Some of the major features of the Darwin core are protected memory, automatic memory management, preemptive multitasking, advanced virtual memory etc. It also provides I/O services for Mac OS X and supports plug-and-play, hot-swapping and power management.
Graphics Subsystem
The graphics subsystem in the Mac OS X contains three parts i.e. Quartz, OpenGL and QuickTime. The 2-D graphics in the graphics subsystem is managed by Quartz. Chomper deluxe mac os. It provides fonts, interface graphics, rendering of the images etc. OpenGL provides support for 3-D graphics in the system such as texture mapping, transparency, antialiasing, atmospheric effects, special effects etc.
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It is also used in Unix and Windows systems. QuickTime is used for different digital media such as digital video, audio and video streaming etc. It also enables creative applications such as iMovie, iTunes etc.
Application Subsystem
The application subsystem in Mac OS X provides the classic environment to run classic applications. Carbon, Cocoa and Java are the three application development environments available.
The classic environment makes sure that applications written for the previous versions of the operating system can run smoothly. The carbon environment is used to port existing applications to carbon application program interfaces. This is called carbonising the application. The cocoa environment provides object-oriented application development environment. The cocoa applications use the benefits of the Mac OS X Structure the most. The Java applications and Java applets can be run using the Java environment.
User Interface
Aqua is the user interface of Mac OS X. It provides good visual features as well as the tools to customize the user interface as per the user requirements. Aqua contains extensive use of colour and texture as well as extremely detailed icons. It is both pleasant to view and efficient to use.
Use Time Machine, the built-in backup feature of your Mac, to automatically back up your personal data, including apps, music, photos, email, and documents. Having a backup allows you to recover files that were deleted, or that were lost because the hard disk (or SSD) in your Mac needed to be erased or replaced. Learn how to restore your Mac from a backup.
Create a Time Machine backup
To create backups with Time Machine, all you need is an external storage device. After you connect the storage device and select it as your backup disk, Time Machine automatically makes hourly backups for the past 24 hours, daily backups for the past month, and weekly backups for all previous months. The oldest backups are deleted when your backup disk is full.
Connect an external storage device
Connect one of the following external storage devices, sold separately. Learn more about backup disks that you can use with Time Machine.
External drive connected to your Mac, such as a USB or Thunderbolt drive
Network-attached storage (NAS) device that supports Time Machine over SMB
Mac shared as a Time Machine backup destination
AirPort Time Capsule, or external drive connected to an AirPort Time capsule or AirPort Extreme Base Station (802.11ac)
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Select your storage device as the backup disk
Open Time Machine preferences from the Time Machine menu in the menu bar. Or choose Apple menu > System Preferences, then click Time Machine.
Click Select Backup Disk.
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Enjoy the convenience of automatic backups
After you select a backup disk, Time Machine immediately begins making periodic backups—automatically and without further action by you. The first backup may take a long time, but you can continue using your Mac while a backup is underway. Time Machine backs up only the files that changed since the previous backup, so future backups will be faster.
To start a backup manually, choose Back Up Now from the Time Machine menu in the menu bar. Use the same menu to check the status of a backup or skip a backup in progress.
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Learn more
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Learn about other ways to back up and restore files.
If you back up to multiple disks, you can press and hold the Option key, then choose Browse Other Backup Disks from the Time Machine menu.
To exclude items from your backup, open Time Machine preferences, click Options, then click the add (+) button to add an item to be excluded. To stop excluding an item, such as an external hard drive, select the item and click the remove (–) button.
If using Time Machine to back up to a network disk, you can verify those backups to make sure they're in good condition. Press and hold Option, then choose Verify Backups from the Time Machine menu.